Compiler Press'

Ideological Evolution: The Competitiveness of Nations in a Global Knowledge-Based Economy

Doctoral Papers of Harry Hillman Chartrand, PhD

University of Saskatchewan, July 2006

                                            

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Dissertation

Doctoral Papers

Submission

Codicil

Bibliography

Alphabetic

Thematic

Miscellaneous

News

 

 

SISTER SITES

Compiler Press

Compleat World Copyright Website

Competitiveness of Nations

Cultural Econometrics

Cultural Economics

Elemental Economics

World Cultural Intelligence Network

 

 

Dr. Harry Hillman Chartrand, PhD

©

Cultural Economist & Publisher

Compiler Press

Chief Economist

Cultural Econometrics

h.h.chartrand@compilerpress.ca

215 Lake Crescent

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Canada, S7H 3A1
Tele/Fax
306-244-6945

Curriculum Vitae

 

Launched  January 2002

News

This is where changes in the website will be announced.

 

April 30 2011 - New Book

Pre-Common Law Copyright, Performing Rights & Licensing: An Annotated Chronology including Statutory Marginalia 567 to 1714, April 2011, ISBN 978-0-9689523-9-9.

 

December 8, 2010 - New Policy Research Note

Tilting at Windmills: Moral Rights & Benthamism,

Canadian Copyright Reform Policy Research Note #4, Compiler Press, December 8, 2010.

 

October 4, 2010: New Article

Copygate

 

August 31, 2010

The 2010 Copyright Modernization Act and the Licensing Act of 1662 - Final Version, Canadian Copyright Reform Policy Research Note #3, Compiler Press, August 31, 2010.

July 28, 2010

The 2010 Copyright Modernization Act and the Licensing Act of 1662 - Part 1, Canadian Copyright Reform Policy Research Note #3, Compiler Press, July 28, 2010

February 25, 2010:

With the Oct. 31, 2009 closure of my American webhost of 11 years (AtFreeWeb) links in the following dissertation and doctoral papers are generally broken.  Readers are directed to the Alphabetic Bibliography to access references.  Sorry for the inconvenience.  Reconstruction continues.

 

October 20, 2009

With the imminent closure of my American webhost this site has been launched to integrate all my doctoral works.  Be aware that articles published before this day will have many dead links particularly references in my dissertation.  Readers are directed to the Bibliography to access linked references.  Sorry for the inconvenience.

 

 

Archives

Be advised, items published before October 18, 2009 especially links to references suffer many dead links. 

 

Post-Doctoral

Jan. 15, 2007:

A Retort to: Thinking Different… Science in the Modern World, Professor Steven Shapin, Whelen Lecture, University of Saskatchewan, January 9, 2007

November 30, 2006: New Articles by Other Authors

Jacob, J.R., “The Ideological Origins of Robert Boyle’s Natural Philosophy”, Journal of European Studies 2, 1-21.

Sedgwick, A.G., “International Copyright by Judicial Decision”, Atlantic Monthly, 43 (256), February 1879, 217-230.

September 13, 2006:

The Canadian Copyright Act 1921-2006
Historical, Cultural, Economic, Legal & Political Significance

September 2006

Book Review

Arts, Sciences and Economics

Tönu Puu
Springer, 2006

Submitted to  the Journal of Cultural Economics
September 2006

 

Doctorate

Aug. 7, 2006: Dissertation as Accepted

July 20, 2006 Defense

        External Examiner, Professor Emeritas Brian J. Loasby, University of Stirling, Scotland

 

May 20, 2006: New Article

De Vecchi, N., The Place of Gestalt Psychology in the Making of Hayek’s Thought, History of Political Economy ,35 (1), 2003, 135-162.

 

April 2, 2006: New Article

Dewey, J.,, The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality, Yale Law Journal, XXXV (6), April 1926, 655-673.

 

March 31, 2006: New Article

Nace, T., The Gangs of America - 14. Judicial Yoga, Berrett-Koeheler, 2005, 161-177.

 

March 27, 2006: New Article

Burchill, S., The Limits of Thinkable Thoughts, ZDNET Daily Commentaries, February 2, 2000

Jan. 2, 2006: New Article

McKibbin, R., The Destruction of the Public Sphere, London Review of Books, 28 (1), January 2006.

 

Dec. 25, 2005: New Article

Heidegger M., The Age of the World Picture, W. Lovitt (trans.), The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, Harper Tourchbooks, 1977, 115-154..

 

Nov. 13, 2005: New Post-Dis Article

# 4 Knowledge & Democracy: The Political Economics of the Public Domain

Oct. 20: New Post-Dis Article

Enframing the World: Design for a Philosophy of Econology

Oct. 16, 2005: New Post-Dis Article

Enframing the World: Design for a Philosophy of Biotechnology,

September 25, 2005: 3rd Draft of Dissertation

May 29, 2005: New Articles

Raven, D., & Krohn, W., .Zilsel and the Vienna Circle, in Social Origins of Modern Science, Edgar Zilsel, R. S. Cohen, Wolfgang Krohn, Diederick Raven

Khachatourians, G.G., How Well Understood is the “Science” of Food Safety? Chapter 2,  in: Governing Food: Science, Safety and Trade, P. W. B. Phillips and R. Wolfe (eds.), Queen-McGill University Publishing, 2002, 13-23.

 

May 27, 2005: 3rd Draft of Dissertation - Ideology in Progress

May 16, 2005: New Articles

Kauffman S.A., At Home in the Universe Chapter 9 Organisms and Artifacts, Oxford University Press, 1995, 191-206.

Kauffman S.A., At Home in the Universe Chapter 12 An Emerging Global Civilization  Oxford University Press, 1995, 273-304.

Kauffman S.A.,Investigations, Chapter 9: The Persistently Innovative Econosphere, Oxford University Press, 2000, 211-241.

Kauffman S.A.,Investigations, Chapter 10: A Coconstructing Cosmos?, Oxford University Press, 2000, 243-266.

 

May 13, 2005:  Talking Points about Trans-Disciplinary Induction (TDI) or SevenSteps in the Life of an Academic Outlaw: Stepping Stones 2005: Interdisciplinarity: Methodologies and Practices in Academia, Graduate Student Conference, USASK, May 2005

May 9, 2005: New Articles

Donnellan K.S., Analytic Philosophy, Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica 2003 Ultimate CD Reference Suite.

Kauffman S.A., The Sciences of Complexity and “Origins of Order”, Philosophy of Science Association, Vol. Two: Symposia and Invited Papers, 1990, 299-322.

 

May 7, 2005: New Articles

Cranston M., Ideology, Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica 2003 Ultimate CD Reference Suite

Phillips D.L., Epistemology and the Sociology of Knowledge: The Contributions of Mannheim, Mills, and Merton, Theory and Society, 1(1), Spring 1974, 59-88.

 

May 5, 2005: New Articles

Heidegger M., The Question Concerning Technology, W. Lovitt (trans.), The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, Harper Torchbooks, [1954] 1977, 3-35.

Ryle R., The Thinking of Thoughts: What is ‘Le Penseur’ Doing?, University Lectures, 18, 1968, University of Saskatchewan, http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/CSACSIA/Vol14/Papers/ryle_1.html

 

May 3, 2005 2nd Draft Dissertation Posted

The 2nd draft will be followed by a 3rd which is in preparation and will incorporate new materials assimilated since March (see below)

1st Draft January 2005

April 30, 2005: New Artilces

Gerard R.W., Units and Concepts of Biology, Science, New Series, 125 (3245), March 8, 1957, 429-433.

MacLeod R.B., Teleology and Theory of Human Behavior, Science, New Series, 125 (3246), March 15, 1957, 477-480.

Polanyi M., Scientific Beliefs, Ethics, 61 (1), Oct. 1950, 27-37.

Polanyi M., Scientific Outlook: Its Sickness and Cure, Science, New Series, 125 (3246), March 15, 1957, 480-484.

Polanyi M., Problem Solving, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 8 (30), August 1957, 89-103.

Polanyi M., Knowing and Being, Mind, New Series, 70 (280), October 1961, 458-470.

Polanyi, M., Faith and Reason, The Journal of Religion, 41 (4), October 1961, 237-247.

 

April 25, 2005: New Articles

Polanyi M., Tacit Knowing: Its Bearing on Some Problems of Philosophy, Reviews of Modern Physics, 34 (4), Oct. 1962, 601-616.

Polanyi M., Life’s Irreducible Structure, Science, New Series, 160 (3834), June 21, 1968, 1308-1312.

April 19, 2005: New Articles

Polanyi M., Science and Reality. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 18 (3), Nov. 1967, 177-196.

Scott, W.T., Tacit Knowing and the Concept of Mind, Philosophical Quarterly, 21 (82), Jan. 1971, 22-35.

 

April 16, 2005: New Articles

Grene M., On Some Distinctions Between Men and Brutes, Ethics, 57 (2), Jan. 1947, 121-127.

Grene M., Aristotle and Modern Biology, Journal of the History of Ideas, 33 (3), July-Sept. 1972, 395-424.

April 14, 2005: New Article

Compton, J.J., Marjorie Grene and the Phenomenon of Life , PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers, 1984, 354-364.

April 11, 2005: New Article

Grene, M., Martin Heidegger, IV. The Kantian Heritage, Bowes & Bowes, London, 1957.

April 1, 2005: New Article & Progress

Grene M.,& Depew, D., The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History, Chapter 4 The Eighteenth Century II Kant and the Development of German Biology , Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Grene M.,& Depew, D., The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History, Chapter 11: Biology and Human Nature, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 

Grene M.,& Depew, D., The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History, Chapter 12: The Philosophy of Biology and the Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 

Rheinberger, H-J., "Experimental Complexity in Biology: Some Epistemological and Historical Remarks", Philosophy of Science, 64, Supplement, Dec. 1997, S245-S254.

Progress: a second draft of the dissertation has been completed and reviewed.  A third is in preparation.

October 12, 2004: New Article

Howitt, P., "The Economics of Science and the Future of Universities", The Timlin Lecture, University of Saskatchewan, February 16, 2000, Published 2003.

September 27, 2004: New Article

Mitcham, C., "Types of Technology", Research in Philosophy & Technology, Vol. 1, 1978, 229-294.

August 8, 2004: New Article

Romer, P., "Beyond the Knowledge Worker", Worldlink, January/February 1995.

August 7, 2004: New Article

Boulding, K.E., The Limitations of Mathematics: An Epistemological Critique, Seminar in the Application of Mathematics to the Social Sciences, University of Michigan, December 15, 1955.

August 2, 2004: References to Dissertation

July 26, 2004: Introduction to Dissertation

July 20, 2004: Chapter 10: Competitiveness

With Ch. 10 the first draft of my dissertation (excepting an Introduction, the final Reconciliation for Ch. 10 which will serve as my conclusions and my Bibliography) is complete.  Review and revision begins.

July 2, 2004:  New Article

Munck, R., Globalization and Democracy: A New “Great Transformation”?, Annals of the American Academy Political and Social Science, 581, May 2002, 10-21.

July 1, 2004:  New Article

Block, F., “Introduction” to The Great Transformation by Karl Polanvi for a new edition published by Beacon Press, 2001 June 2000.

June 24, 2004

 New Draft Chapter

Chapter 9: Production Function

June 14, 2004

 New Draft Chapter

Chapter 8: Rights to Know

June 11, 2004: New Article

Lange, D., Reimagining the Public Domain, Law & Contemporary Problems, 66, Winter/Spring 2003, 463-483

June 10, 2004: New Article

Rose, M., Nine-Tenths of the Law: The English Copyright Debates and the Rhetoric of the Public Domain, Law & Contemporary Problems, 66 Winter/Spring 2003, 75-87

June 8, 2004: New Draft Chapter

Chapter 7: Inputs & Outputs

June 6, 2004: New Draft Chapter plus An Aside

Chapter 6: Form & Fixation

An Aside on the Metaphysics of Technology

 

May 26, 2004: Two New Articles

Birkenshaw, P., Harden I. & Lewis, N., Government by Moonlight: The Hybrid Parts of the State, 8. Conclusions, Unwin Hyman 1990, 272-293.

Schlicht, E., On Custom in the Economy, Chapter 14: The Division of Labour , Oxford Clarendon Press, 1998, 242-265.

May 21, 2004: New Working Title

THE PERSON, THE CODE & THE WORK

 The Competitiveness of Nations in a Global Knowledge-Based Economy

May 8, 2004: New Article

Schlicht, E., On Custom in the Economy, Introduction, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1998, 1-8.

May 7, 2004: Draft Dissertation in Progress

April 20, 2004: New Article

Sparkes, J.J., Pattern Recognition and Scientific Progress, Mind, New Series, Vol. 81, No. 321, Jan. 1972, 29-41.

April 18, 2004: New Article

Baird, D., Thing Knowledge: A Philosophy of Scientific Instruments - I Instrument Epistemology, University of California Press, Berkley, 2004.

April 12, 2004: New Article

Munro, T., Knowledge and Control in the Field of Aesthetics, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring, 1941, 1-12.

March 9, 2004: New Article

Aldrich, V.C., Design, Composition, and Symbol, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 27, No. 4, Summer, 1969, 379-388.

March 6, 2004: New Articles

Dorter, K., The Ion: Plato’s Characterization of Art, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 32, No. 1, Autumn, 1973, 65-78.

Dorter, K., Conceptual Truth and Aesthetic Truth, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 1,Winter, 1990, 37-51.

Thompson, P.B., Thinking about Thinking about Technology, Techné, 5 (1) Fall 2000.

Wuthnow R., The Emergence of Modern Science and World System Theory, Theory and Society, Vol. 8, No. 2, Sep., 1979, 215-243.

February 29, 2004: New Article

Henderson, J. L., Cultural Attitudes in Psychological Perspective, Inner City Books, Toronto, 1984, 72-78.

February 28, 2004: New Articles

Kawasaki, K., A Cross-Cultural Comparison of English and Japanese Linguistic Assumptions Influencing Pupil? Learning of Science, Canadian and International Education, Vol. 31, No. 1, June 2002, 19-51.

Melbin, M., Night as Frontier, American Sociological Review, Vol. 43, February 1978, 3-22.

February 14, 2004: New Article

Hübner, K., Philosophy of Modern Art and Philosophy of Technology, Techné, 4 (1), Fall 1998, 35-46.

 

February 7, 2004: New Article

Mitcham, C., Thinking through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy, Epilogue, University of Chicago Press, 1994, 275-299.

Schlicht, E., Aestheticism in the Theory of Custom, Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines, Volume 70, numéro 1, Mars 2000, pp 33-51.

January 30, 2004: New Article

Ihde, D., Instrumental Realism: The Interface between Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Technology, II. The New Philosophy of Science, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991 11-44.

January 28, 2004: New Article

Ihde, D., Instrumental Realism: The Interface between Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Technology, III. Philosophy of Technology, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991, 45-63.

January 27, 2004: New Article

Ihde, D., Instrumental Realism: The Interface between Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Technology, Epilogue: Philosophy of Technology beyond Philosophy of Science, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991 136-141.

Ihde, D., Philosophy of Technology, 1975-1995, Techné, Vol. 1, 1/2, Fall 1995.

Mitcham C. and Sanyin, S., Complexity, Simulations and Ethics, Professional Ethics Report, XIV (1), Winter 2001.

Rammert, W., Relations that constitute technology and media that make differences Toward a social pragmatic theory of technicisation, Contributed paper to the Academic Session, “Advances in the Philosophy of Technology”, “Académie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences”, Karlsruhe, 22.5.1997

 

January 26, 2004: New Article

Shapere, D., Building on What We Have Learned: The Relations between Science and Technology, Techné, 4 (2) Winter 1998

January 25, 2004: New Articles

Alvarez, A.A., Sociological Studies and Philosophical Studies: Twenty Years of Controversy, Techné, 1 (3-4), Fall 1996.

Baird, D., Encapsulating Knowledge: The Direct Reading Spectrometer, Techné, 3 (3) Spring 1998.

Del Re, G., Technology and the spirit of alchemy, International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 3 (1997), 51-63.

Mitcham, C., Notes Toward a Philosophy of Meta-Technology, Techné , Vol. 1, 1/2, Fall 1995.

 

December 23, 2003: New Article

Scruton, R. & Thomas Munro, T., AESTHETICS, Encyclopedia Britannica, CD-Rom Ultimate Reference Suite, 2003

December 20, 2003: New Articles

Commons, J.R., Commercial Revolution - Lecture before Mr. Penman’s Class, July 16, 1920, in Warren J. Samuels (ed.) Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Archival Supplement 4, JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut, 1994, 227-233.

Raffaelli, T., Marshall's Analysis of the Human Mind, in Warren J. Samuels (ed.) Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Archival Supplement 4, JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut, 1994, 57-93.

December 17, 2003: New Article

Walton, S.A., An Introduction to the Mechanical Arts in the Middle Ages,
AVISTA, Association Villard de Honnecourt for Interdisciplinary Study of Medieval Technology, Science and Art, University of Toronto, 2003

November 11, 2003: New Article

Young, A.A., Increasing Returns and Economic Progress, The Economic Journal, Vol. 38, No. 152 , Dec. 1928, 527-542.

November 3, 2003: New Article

Loasby, B.J., Making Sense of Making Artefacts: Reflections on John Ziman (ed.) Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process, Cambridge University Press, 2000, Review for: Evolutionary Theories in the Social Sciences, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2001.

November 2, 2003: New Articles

Loasby B.J., Decision Premises and Economic Organisation, DRUID 1998 Summer Conference, Bornholm, June 9-11.

Loasby, B.J., Cognition and Markets, CRIC Workshop on Market Relations and the Competitive Process, Centre for Research on Innovation and Competition , Economic & Social Research Council, Manchester, UK, 4-5 May 2000.

Loasby, B.J., Options and Evolution, DRUID Summer Conference 2002 , He1singør 6-8 June.

October 29, 2003: New Articles

Loasby, B.J., The organisation of capabilities, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 35, 1998, 139-160.

Loasby, B.J., Time, knowledge and evolutionary dynamics: why connections matter, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 11, 2001, 393-412.

Loasby, B.J., Cognition, imagination and institutions in demand creation, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11: 7-21.

Loasby, B.J., The evolution of knowledge: beyond the biological model, Research Policy, Vol. 31, 2002, 1227-1239.

October 24, 2003: New Articles

Loasby, B.J., ,Management Economics and the Theory of the Firm, The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 15, No. 3 , July 1967, 165-176.

Loasby, B.J., , Hypothesis and Paradigm in the Theory of the Firm, The Economic Journal, Vol. 81, No. 324, Dec., 1971, 863-885.

Loasby, B.J., Organisations as Interpretative Systems, DRUID Summer 2000 Conference, 15-17 June, Rebild, Denmark.

Loasby, B.J., Connecting Principles, New Combinations, and Routines Reflections Inspired by Schumpeter and Smith, 8th Conference , International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society, Manchester, 27 June 2000.

Loasby, B.J., Market institutions and economic evolution, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2000, 10: 297-309.

Loasby, B.J., The Evolution of Knowledge, DRUID Summer 2001 Conference, 12-15 June, Alborg, Denmark.

Loasby, B.J., The Innovative Mind, DRUID Summer Conference 2003 on Creating, Sharing and Transferring Knowledge, The role of Geography, Institutions and Organizations., Copenhagen June 12-14, 2003.

October 16, 2003: New Article

Rosenberg N., Adam Smith on the Division of Labour: Two Views or One?, Economica, 32 (126), May 1965, 127-139.

October 14, 2003: New Articles

Moykr J., Punctuated Equilibria and Technological Progress, American Economics Review, 80 (2), May 1990, 350-354.

Temin, P., Is it Kosher to Talk about Culture?, Journal of Economic History, 57 (2), June 1997, 267-287.

October 7, 2003: New Article

Knight, F.H., “What is Truth” in Economics?, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 48, No. 1 , Feb. 1940, 1-32.

October 5, 2003: New Article

Samuels, W.J., The Political Economy of Adam Smith, Ethics, Vol. 87, No. 3, Apr. 1977, 189-207.

October 4, 2003: New Article

Dooley, P.C., Hutcheson, Smith, and the Division of Labour, Discussion Paper 2000-3, Department of Economics, University of Saskatchewan, 2003.

October 3, 2003: New Article

Humphreys, S. C., History, Economics, and Anthropology: The Work of Karl Polanyi, History and Theory 8 (2), 1969, 165-212.

August 22, 2003: Last Research Paper

Tooled Knowledge: The Animation of Nature, August 2003

August 17, 2003: New Article

Altman, M., Chapter 6:  A Behavioral Model of Endogenous Economic Growth, Worker Satisfaction and Economic Performance, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, 2001, 119-136.

August 13, 2003: New Article

Cowan, R., David P.A. & Foray, D.,The Explicit Economics of Knowledge: Codifcation and Tacitness, Industrial and Corporate Change, 9 (2), 2000, 211-253.

August 8, 2003: Two New Articles

Boulding, K.E., The Image: Chapter 5 -The Public Image and the Sociology of Knowledge, University of Michigan Press, 1956, pp. 64-81.

Boulding, K.E., The Medium and the Message, Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 31 (2), May 1965, 268-273.

June 28, 2003: New Article

Polanyi, M., Science and Technology, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, Harper Torchbooks, NYC, 1962, 174-184.

June 4, 2003: New Article

Dasgupta, P., The Welfare Economics of Knowledge Production, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol.4, No.4, 1988.

May 31, 2003: New Article

Grinter, L.B., Responsibility in Engineering Education , Journal of Higher Education, Volume 25, Issue 5 , May 1954, 258-261.

May 15, 2003: New Article

Romer P.M., The Origins of Endogenous Growth, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Issue 1, Winter 1994, 3-22.

May 13, 2003: New Article

Ben-David  J.& Teresa A. Sullivan T.A., Sociology of Science, Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 1, 1975, 203-222.

May 11, 2003: New Articles

Dudley, L.M., Space, Time, Number: Harold A. Innis As Evolutionary Theorist, Canadian Journal of Economics, Volume 28, Issue 4a , Nov. 1995, 754-769.

May 10, 2003: New Articles

Polanyi, M. The Stability of Beliefs, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Volume 3, Issue 11, Nov. 1952, 217-232.

May 8, 2003: New Articles

Boulding, K.E., The Economics of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Economics, American Economic Review, Richard T. Ely Lecture, Volume 56, Issue 1/2 , Mar. 1966, 1-13.

Romer, P.M., Why, Indeed, in America? Theory, History, and the Origins of Modern Economic Growth, American Economic Review, Volume 86, Issue 2 , May 1996, 202-206.

May 4, 2003: New Articles

Rosenberg, N., On Technological Expectations, Economic Journal, Volume 86, Issue 343, Sept. 1976, 523-535.

Rosenberg, N., Exploring the Black Box: Technology, economics and history, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 1994:

1 Path-dependent aspects of technological change, pp. 1-6

2 Charles Babbage: pioneer economist, pp. 24-46

3 Joseph Schumpeter: radical economist, pp. 47-61

8 Critical issues in science policy research, pp. 139-158

13 Scientific instrumentation and university research, ,250-263.

April 30, 2003: New Articles

Cambrosio, A. and Peter Keating, P., “Going Monoclonal”: Art, Science, and Magic in the Day-to-Day Use of Hybridoma Technology, Social Problems, Vol. 35. No. 3, June 1988, 244-260.

Ginzberg, E., The Social Sciences Today, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 52, Issue 4, Dec. 1937, 583-587.

Lenoir, T., Revolution from above: The Role of the State in Creating the German Research System, 1810-1910, American Economic Review, Volume 88, Issue 2, May 1998, 22-27.

April 29, 2003:  New Articles

Polanyi, M., Science: Academic and Industrial, Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. 89, 1960-61, pp.401-406.

Polanyi, M., The Structure of Consciousness, Brain, Vol. LXXXVIII, 1965, pp. 799-810.

Polanyi, M., On Body and Mind, The New Scholasticism 43:2, Spring 1969, 195-204. 

 

April 27, 2003: New Alphabetical Listing of Articles by Other Authors

April 25: New Articles

David, P.A., The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox, The American Economic Review, Volume 80, Issue 2, May 1990, 355-361.

David, P.A., From Keeping ‘Nature’s Secrets’ to the Institutionalization of ‘Open Science’, Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, University of Oxford, Number 23, July 2001.

April 24, 2003: New Articles

David, P.A., A Tragedy of the Public Knowledge ‘Commons’? Global Science, Intellectual Property and the Digital Technology Boomerang, Electronic Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, Oxford IP Research Centre - Working and Seminar Papers, WP 04/00, 10 September 2000.

Polanyi, M., Science: Academic and Industrial, Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. 89, 1960-61, pp.401-406.

Rosenberg, N., Adam Smith on Profits--Paradox Lost and Regained, The Journal of Political Economy, Volume 82, Issue 6, Nov. - Dec. 1974, 1177-1190.

April 22, 2003: New Articles

Rosenberg, N., Some Institutional Aspects of the Wealth of Nations, The Journal of Political Economy, Volume 68, Issue 6 , Dec. 1960, 557-570.

Rosenberg, N., Adam Smith, Consumer Tastes, and Economic Growth, The Journal of Political Economy, Volume 76, Issue 3, May - June 1968 , 361-374.

April 20, 2003: New Article

Rosenberg, N., Karl Marx on the Economic Role of Science, The Journal of Political Economy, Volume 82, Issue 4, July-Aug. 1974, 713-728.

Rosenberg, N., Science, Invention and Economic Growth, The Economic Journal, Volume 84, Issue 333, Mar. 1974,  90-108.

Rosenberg N. &  Steinmueller W.E., Why are Americans Such Poor Imitators?, The American Economic Review , Volume 78, Issue 2, , May 1988, 229-234.

April 19, 2003:  New Article

Skidelsky, R., The Mystery of Growth:

Book Review
The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth
by Liah Greenfeld, Harvard University Press, 2003.
Lectures on Economic Growth
by Robert E. Lucas Jr., Harvard University Press, 2003

The New York Review of Books, Vol. L, No. 4, March 13, 2001, 28-31

April 18, 2003: New Articles

Mirowski, P., On Playing the Economics Trump Card in the Philosophy of Science: Why It Did Not Work for Michael Polanyi, Philosophy of Science, Volume 64, Issue Supplement, Dec. 1997, S127-S138.

Polanyi, M., The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory, Minerva, Volume 1: 1962 , 54-74.

Polanyi, M., Transcendence And Self-Transcendence, Soundings , 53: 1, Spring 1970, 88-94.

April 16, 2003: New Articles

Bourdieu, P., The Peculiar History of Scientific Reason , Sociological Forum, Volume 6, Issue 1 , Mar. 1991, 3-26.

Shapin, S., Here and Everywhere: Sociology of Scientific Knowledge , Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 21, 1995, 289-321.

April 14, 2003: New Articles

Gieryn, T.F., Distancing Science from Religion in Seventeenth-Century England, Isis, Volume 79, Issue 4, Dec. 1988, 582-593.

Kearney, H.F., Merton Revisited, Science Studies, Volume 3, Issue 1, Review Issue, Jan. 1973, 72-78.

Olesko K.M., Tacit Knowledge and School Formation, Osiris, 2nd Series, Volume 8, 1993, 16-29.

Shapin, S., Understanding the Merton Thesis, Isis, Volume 79, Issue 4, Dec. 1988, 594-605.

April 13, 2003: New Dictionary

Knowledge Vocabulary, Draft Proposal, American National Standards Institute & Global Knowledge Economics Council

April 12, 2003: New Articles

Faulkner, W., Conceptualizing Knowledge Used in Innovation:  A Second Look at the Science-Technology Distinction and Industrial Innovation, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Volume 19, Issue 4, Autumn 1994, 425-458.

Layton, E.T., Science as a Form of Action: The Role of the Engineering Sciences, Technology & Culture, Vol. 29, No. 1, January 1988, 82-97.

April 10, 2003: New Articles

Layton, E.T., Technology as Knowledge, Technology & Culture, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1974, 31-41

Layton, E.T., American Ideologies of Science and Engineering, Technology & Culture, Vol. 17, No. 4, October 1976, 688-701

Price, D. deS., Is Technology Historically Independent of Science? A Study in Statistical Historiography, Technology & Culture, Vol. VI, No. 4, Fall 1965, 553-568

April 8, 2003: New Article

Rosenberg, N., Exploring the Black Box: Technology, economics and history, Chapter 13 Scientific instrumentation and university research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 1994, 250-263

April 7 2003 New Article

David, P.A., The Evolution of Intellectual Property Institutions and the Panda’s Thumb, Meetings of the International Economic Association in Moscow, 24-28 August 1992.

David, P.A., Common Agency Contracting and the Emergence of “Open Science” Institutions The American Economic Review, Volume 88, Issue 2, May 1998, 15-21.

April 6, 2003:  New Articles

Arora. A. & Alfonso Gambardella, A., The changing technology of technological change: general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour, Research Policy, Vol. 23, 1994, 523-532.

Brooks, H., The relationship between science and technology, Research Policy, Vol. 23, 1994, 477-486.

Engerman, S.L., The big picture: how (and when and why) the West grew rich, Policy Research, Vol. 23, 1994, 547-559.

HHC, On Methodology, February 10, 2003 - Work in Progress

April 5, 2003: New Article

Dasgupta, P. & David, P.A., Toward a new economics of science, Policy Research, Vol. 23, 1994, 487-521.

April 2, 2003: 'Thin Version' of the Thesis plus New Article

Price, D. deS., The science/technology relationship, the craft of experimental science, and policy for the improvement of high technology innovation, Research Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, February 1984.

March 30, 2003:  New Article

Alder, K., Making Things the Same: Representation, Tolerance and the End of the Ancien Regime in France, Social Studies of Science, Volume 28, Issue 4, Aug. 1998, 499-545.

March 26, 2003: New Articles

Merton, R.K., The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property, Isis, Volume 79, Issue 4, Dec. 1988, 606-623.

Stephan, P.E., The Economics of Science, Journal of Economic Literature, Volume 34, Issue 3, Sept. 1996, 1199-1235.

March 20, 2003: New Article

Smith, B.G., History and Genius: The Narcotic, Erotic, and Baroque Life of Germaine de Staël, French Historical Studies, Volume 19, Issue 4, Special Issue: Biography , Autumn 1996, 1059-1081.

March 19, 2003: New Article

Callon, M., Is Science a Public Good?, Science, Technology, & Human Values. Volume 19, Issue 4, Autumn 1994, 395-424.

March 14, 2003: The Future of Genomic IPRs

I am pleased to announce the draft of this paper for the GELS Intellectual Property Management Workshops, March 14 & 15, 2003.  The paper was made possible by s grant from GELS Prairies.

March 8: The Labour Theory of Knowledge & Its Corollary: The Knowledge Theory of Capital

I am pleased to announce the completion of the 'kernel' to my thesis.

March 5, 2003: New Articles

Enayatit, E.F., Enemies to Innovation: Protecting Biotechnology Inventions, Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal, Volume 5, 1989.

Silva, J.G.,Copyright Protection Of Biotechnology Works: Into The Dustbin Of History?, Boston College Intellectual Property & Technology Forum, January 28, 2000.

February 8, 2003: New Article

Clay, J., Robert Boyle: a Jungian perspective, British Journal of the History of Science, Vol. 32, 1999, 285-98.

February 6, 2003: New Article

Grudin, R., Humanism, Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica 2003 Ultimate Reference Suite

February 1, 2003: New Article

Toulmin, S.E., Philosophy of Science, Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica 2003 Ultimate Reference Suite

January 29, 2003: New Article

Sen, G., MEN AND THINGS, Inaugural Lecture delivered at the London School of Economics on March 7, 1985.

January 28, 2003: New Articles

Munson, J. R. and R.C. York, Philosophy of Biology, Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica 2003 Ultimate Reference Suite

Stroll, A. and A.P. Martinich, Epistemology, Encyclopedia Britannica, Britannica 2003 Ultimate Reference Suite

January 20, 2003: New Article

Rothschild, E., Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment - Chapter 4: Apprenticeship and Insecurity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001, Text pp. 87-115, Notes 283-288

January 18, 2002: New Article

Rothschild, E., Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment - Chapter 5: The Bloody and Invisible Hand, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001, Text pp. 116-156, Notes 288-316

January 6, 2003: New Article

Kayton, I., Copyright in Living Genetically Engineered Works, George Washington Law Review, Vol. 50, No. 2, January 1982, 191-218.

January 3, 2003: New Article

Ridley, M., Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters: Preface and Chapter 1: Life, HarperCollins, NYC, 1999.

December 30, 2002: New Article

Gordon, S., The history and philosophy of social science - Chapter 18: The foundations of science, Routledge, London, 1991

December 16, 2002: New Article

Zilsel, E., Problems of Empiricism, [1941] in Social Origins of Modern Science, Edgar Zilsel, R. S. Cohen, Wolfgang Krohn, Diederick Raven, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 0792364570, 10/01/2000, 171-199.

December 12, 2002: New Article

Zilsel, E., The Methods of Humanism, [1943?] in Social Origins of Modern Science, Edgar Zilsel, R. S. Cohen, Wolfgang Krohn, Diederick Raven, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 0792364570, 10/01/2000, 22-64.

December 9, 2002: New Article

Freeman, W.J., Consciousness, Intentionality, and Causality, Journal of Consciousness Studies , 6 Nov/Dec. 1999, 143-172.

December 5, New Articles

Berleant, A., A Note on the Problem on Defining ‘Art’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume 25, Issue 2, Dec. 1964, 239-241

Berleant, A., Does Art Have a Spectator?, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 45, Issue 4 , Summer 1987, 411-412.

Berleant, A., The Persistence of Dogma in Aesthetics, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 52, Issue 2 , Spring, 1994, 237-239

December 4, 2002: New Article

Berleant, A., Aesthetics and the Contemporary Arts, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 29, Issue 2, Winter 1970, 155-168.

December 2, 2002: New Article

Snyder, L. J., William Whewell, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, December 22, 2000

December 1, 2002: New Article

Panofsky, E., Galileo as a Critic of the Arts: Aesthetic Attitude and Scientific Thought, Isis, Volume 47, Issue 1, Mar. 1956, 3-15

Nov. 29, 2002: New Article

Brown, B., The Renaissance and Historians of Science, Studies in the Renaissance, Volume 7, 1960, 27-42.

Nov. 28, 2002: New Articles

Rouse, J., The Politics of Postmodern Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Science, 58 (4)  Dec., 1991, 607-627.

Shapiro, B.J., Testimony in seventeenth-century English natural philosophy: legal origins and early development, Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A , Volume 33, Issue 2, June 2002, Pages 243-263

 

Nov. 24, 2002: New Extract

Fuller, S., Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History of Our Times, from Chapter Two: The Last Time Scientists Struggled for the Soul of Science, University of Chicago Press, 2000,  pp. 129-149.

Nov. 21, 2002: New Article

Dooley, P.C., The Labour Theory of Value: Economics or Ethics?, Discussion Paper 2002-2. September 2002, ISSN O831-439X, Department of Economics, University of Saskatchewan

Nov. 18, 2002: New Article - Work in Progress

Harry Hillman Chartrand, Thomas Kuhn's "Pelican Brief"

Nov. 8, 2002: New Extract

Fuller, S., Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History of Our Times: VIII Conclusions, University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp. 379-423.

Nov. 4, 2001: New Article

Bradie, M, and Harms, W., Evolutionary Epistemology, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001.

Kuhn, T.S., Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery, Science, Volume 136, Issue 3518, June 1, 1962, 760-764.

Oct. 26, 2002: New Article

Kuhn, T.S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Postscript - 1969, Third Edition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, [1962, 1970] 1996

Oct. 25, 2002: New Article

Vickers, G., Rationality and Intuition, in Judith Wechsler (ed) On Aesthetics in Sciences, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1978

Oct. 20, 2002: New Articles

Pels, D., Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge: Toward a New Agenda, Sociological Theory, Volume 14, Issue 1 , Mar. 1996, 30-48

Kettler, D., Sociology of Knowledge and Moral Philosophy: The Place of Traditional Problems in the Formation of Mannheim’s Thought, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 82, Issue 3, Sept. 1967, 399-426

Oct. 19, 2002: New Article

Kuklick, H., The Sociology of Knowledge: Retrospect and Prospect, Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 9 (1983), 287-310

Oct. 17, 2002:  New Article

Fuller, S., Being There with Thomas Kuhn: A Parable for Postmodern Times, History and Theory, Volume 31, Issue 3, Oct. 1992, 241-275

October 15, 2002: New Article

Commons, J.R., Institutional Economics, American Economic Review, Vol. 26, Issue 1, Mar. 1936, 237-249.

October 13, 2002:  New Articles

Taylor, O. H., Economics and the Idea of Natural Laws, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 44, Issue 1, Nov. 1929, 1-39.

Taylor, O. H., Economics and the Idea of Jus Naturale The Quarterly Journal of Economic, Volume 44, Issue 2, Feb. 1930, 205-241.

October 10, 2002:  New Article

Beck, L. W., The “Natural Science Ideal” in the Social Sciences, Scientific Monthly, Volume 68, Issue 6, June 1949, 386-394

October 6, 2002: Extracts from the Jungian Lexicon

from: Sharp, D., Jung Lexicon: A Primer of Terms & Concepts, Inner City Books, Toronto,1991

Homepage altered to show  Dictionary Definitions, Biotech Glossaries & Jung Lexicon
 

September 30, 2002: New Article

Bernard, L. L.,. Bernard, J. S., A Century of Progress in the Social Sciences, Social Forces, Volume 11, Issue 4 , May 1933, 488-505.

 

September 21, 2002: New Articles

Jacob, J.R., Boyle’s Atomism and the Restoration Assault on Pagan Naturalism, Social Studies of Science, Volume 8, Issue 2 , May 1978, 211-233.

Johnson, F.R., Gresham College: Precursor of the Royal Society, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 1, Issue 4 , Oct. 1940, 413-438.

September 20, 2002: New Article

Houghton, W, B., Victorian Anti-Intellectualism, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 13, Issue 3, Jun. 1952, 291-313.

September 19, 2002: New Article

Houghton, W.B. Jr., The English Virtuoso in the Seventeenth Century Part II, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 3, Issue 2, Apr. 1942, 190-219.

September 16, 2002: New Articles

Houghton, W.B. Jr., The English Virtuoso in the Seventeenth Century Part 1, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 3, Issue 1, Jan. 1942, 51-73.

 

September 16, 2002: New Articles

Houghton, W.B. Jr., The History of Trades: Its Relation to Seventeenth-Century Thought: As Seen in Bacon, Petty, Evelyn, and Boyle, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 2, Issue 1  Jan. 1941, 33-60.

Keller, A.C., Zilsel, the Artisans, and the Idea of Progress in the Renaissance, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 11, Issue 2 , Apr. 1950, 235-240.

September 12, 2002: New Article

Bentley, A.F., The Human Skin: Philosophy’s Last Line of Defense, Philosophy of Science, Volume 8, Issue 1, Jan. 1941, 1-19.

September 11, 2002: New Articles

Kuhn, T.S., Mathematical vs. Experimental Traditions in the Development of Physical Science, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 7, Issue 1 , Summer, 1976, 1-31.

Pagel, P., Jung’s Views on Alchemy, Isis, Volume 39, Issue 1/2, May 1948, 44-48

September 9, 2002: New Articles

Holton, G., On the Role of Themata in Scientific Thought, Science, New Series, Volume 188, Issue 4186 , Apr. 25, 1975, 328-334

Merton, R.K., Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton’s Concept, Science, New Series, Volume 188, Issue 4186 , April 25, 1975, 335-338

 

September 8, 2002: New Article

Card, C.R., The Emergence of Archetypes in Present-Day Science And Its Significance for a Contemporary Philosophy of Nature , Dynamical Psychology, 1996.

Rose, M., The Author as Proprietor: Donaldson v. Becket and the Genealogy of Modern Authorship, Representations, Volume 0, Issue 23, Summer, 1988, 51-85.

September 7, 2002: New Article

Restivo, S., Parallels and Paradoxes in Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism: I - A Critical Reconnaissance, Social Studies of Science, Volume 8, Issue 2, May, 1978, 143-181.

September 6, 2002: New Article

Newman, W., Technology and Alchemical Debate in the Late Middle Ages, Isis, Volume 80, Issue 3, Sept., 1989, 423-445.

September 5, 2002: New Article

Jacobs, S., Polanyi’s presagement of the incommensurability concept, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 33 (2002), 105-120

September 4, 2002: New Article

West, E.G., Property Rights in the History of Economic Thought: From Locke to J. S. Mill, Carleton Economic Papers, 2001-01, Carleton University

September 2, 2002: New Articles

Lee, H.B., The Cultural Lag in Aesthetics, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 6, Issue 2 , Dec., 1947, 120-138.

Nahm, M.C., The Theological Background of the Theory of the Artist as Creator, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 8, Issue 3, Jun., 1947, 363-372.

Nahm, M.C., Genius and Aesthetic Relation of the Arts, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 9, Issue 1, Sept. 1950, 1-12.

September 1, 2002: New Article

Hurt, R.H. and Schuchman, R.M., The Economic Rationale of Copyright, The American Economic Review, Volume 56, Issue 1/2 , Mar., 1966, 421-432.

August 31, 2002: New Article

Kuhn, T.S., The Road since Structure, Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Issue Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers, 1990

August 29, 2002: New Articles

Matthews, B., The Evolution of Copyright, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 5, Issue 4 , Dec., 1890, 583-602.

Ross, T., Copyright and the Invention of Tradition, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Volume 26, Issue 1, Autumn, 1992, 1-27.

August 28, 2002: New Article

Cochrane, E., Science and Humanism in the Italian Renaissance, The American Historical Review, Volume 81, Issue 5 , Dec., 1976, 1039-1057.

August 27, 2002: New Article

Polak, F.L., Prognostics: A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future , Elsevier, London, 1971

Chapter 7: Scientific models of the future

Chapter 8: Socio-scientific models of the future

August 26, 2002: New Article

Polak, F.L., Prognostics: A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future , Elsevier, London, 1971

Chapter 6: Historical models of the future translated into coercively prescribed graphical models

 

August 25, 2002: New Article

Polak, F.L., Prognostics: A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future , Elsevier, London, 1971

Chapter 5:  Historico-philosophical and historico-scientific models of the future

 

August 24, 2002: New Article

Polak, F.L., Prognostics: A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future , Elsevier, London, 1971, Chapter 4: Philosophical models of the future

August 23, 2002: New Article

Polak, F.L., Prognostics: A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future , Elsevier, London, 1971, Chapter 3: Theological models of the future

August 22, 2002: New Articles

Boulding, K.E., Toward the Development of Cultural Economics, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 2, September 1972, 267-284.

Polak, F.L., Prognostics: A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future , Elsevier, London, 1971, Chapter 2: Prenatalia

August 18, 2002: New Article

Kuhn, T.S., The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science, Isis, Volume 52, Issue 2, Jun., 1961, 161-193.

 

August 12, 2002: New Article

I am pleased to announce the second part of P.O. Kristeller's artciles on the Modern System of the Arts

Kristeller, P.O.,The Modern System of the Arts:  A Study in the History of Aesthetics  Part II, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 13, Issue 1, Jan., 1952, 17-46.

 

August 8, 2002: New Article

Berleant, A., The Verbal Presence: An Aesthetics of Literary Performance, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 31, Issue 3, Spring, 1973, 339-346.

 

August 6, 2002: New Article

Kristeller, P.O., The Modern System of the Arts: A Study in the History of Aesthetics Part I, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 12, Issue 4 , Oct., 1951, 496-527.

July 28, 2002: New Article

Woodmansee, M., The Genius and the Copyright: Economic and Legal Conditions of the Emergence of the ‘Author’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Volume 17, Issue 4, Summer 1984, 425-448

 

July 26, 2002: New Article

Berleant, A., Surrogate Theories of Art, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Volume 30, Issue 2, Dec. 1969, 163-185.

July  14, 2002: New Article

Berleant, A., The Sensuous and the Sensual in Aesthetics, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 23, Issue 2, Winter 1964, 185-192.

July 11, 2002: New Article

Zilsel, E., The Origins of William Gilbert’s Scientific Method, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 1941, 1-32.

July 10, 2002: New Article

Zilsel, E., History and Biological Evolution, Philosophy of Science, Volume 7, Issue 1. Jan. 1940, 121-128.

 

July 9, 2002: New Articles

Zilsel, E., Copernicus and Mechanics, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 1, Issue 1, Jan., 1940, 113-118.

Zilsel, E., Phenomenology and Natural Science, Philosophy of Science, Volume 8, Issue 1, Jan. 1941, 26-32.

 

July 8, 2002: New Articles

Zilsel, E., Physics and the Problem of Historico-sociological Laws, Philosophy of Science, Volume 8, Issue 4, Oct. 1941, 567-579.

Zilsel, E., The Genesis of the Concept of Scientific Progress, Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 6, Issue 3 , June 1945, 325-349.

 

July 6, 2002: New Articles

Merton, R.K., The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action, American Sociological Review, Volume 1, Issue 6, Dec. 1936, 894-904.

Zilsel, E., The Sociological Roots of Science, American Journal of Sociology, Volume 47, Issue 4, Jan. 1942, 544-562.

 

July 5, 2002:

Zilsel, E., The Genesis of the Concept of Physical Law, The Philosophical Review, Volume 51, Issue 3, May 1942, 245-279.

July 3, 2001: New Article

Merton, R.K., The sociology of knowledge, Isis, Volume 27, Issue 3, Nov. 1937, 493-503.

Merton, R.K., Science and the Social Order, Philosophy of Science, Volume 5, Issue 3, July 1938, 321-337.

June 30: New Articles

Borchardt, F.L., The Magus as Renaissance Man, Sixteenth Century Journal, Volume 21, Issue 1, Spring 1990, 57-76.

Thorndike, L., Mediaeval Magic and Science in the Seventeenth Century, Speculum, Volume 28, Issue 4, Oct. 1953, 692-704.

June 25, 2002: New Article

Wright, P., Astrology and Science in Seventeenth-Century England, Social Studies of Science, Volume 5, Issue 4, Nov. 1975, 399-422.

June 24, 2002: New Article

Jacob, J.R. and Margaret C. Jacob, M.C., The Anglican Origins of Modern Science: The Metaphysical Foundations of the Whig Constitution, Isis, Volume 71, Issue 2 June 1980, 251-267.

 

June 19, 2002: New Articles

Hayek, F.A., Economics and Knowledge, Economica, New Series, Volume 4, Issue 13, Feb. 1937, 33-54.

Hayek, F.A., Scientism and the Study of Society PART III, Economica, New Series, Volume 11, Issue 41, Feb. 1944, 27-39.

 

June 18, 2002: New Articles

Hayek, F.A., Scientism and the Study of Society: PART I, Economica, New Series,  Volume 9, Issue 35, Aug., 1942, 267-291.

Hayek, F.A., Scientism and the Study of Society: PART II, Economica, New Series, Volume 10, Issue 37, Feb. 1943, 34-63.

 

June 17, 2002: New Articles

Coase, R.H., The Institutional Structure of Production, The American Economic Review, Volume 82, Issue 4, Sept. 1992, 713-719.

Coase, R., The New Institutional Economics, The American Economic Review, Volume 88, Issue 2, May 1998, 72-74.

Lawson, T., The Relative/Absolute Nature of Knowledge  and Economic Analysis, The Economic Journal, Volume 97, Issue 388, Dec. 1987, 951-970.

 

June 14, 2002: New Article

Furubotn, E.G. & Pejovich, S., Property Rights and Economic Theory: A Survey of Recent Literature, Journal of Economic Literature,  Volume 10, Issue 4, Dec. 1972, 1137-1162.

 

June 13: new Article

North, D.C. & Thomas, R.P., An Economic Theory of the Growth of the Western World, The Economic History Review, New Series, Volume 23, Issue 1, Apr. 1970, 1-17.

 

June 12, 2002: New Articles

North, D.C., Institutional Change and Economic Development, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 31, Issue 1 , The Tasks of Economic History, Mar., 1971, 118-125.

North, D.C., Beyond the New Economic History, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 34, Issue 1, The Tasks of Economic History, Mar. 1974, 1-7.

Penfield, W., Science, the Arts, and the Spirit, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada /Series IV/ Volume viii 1969.

The Economist, The biology of art, April 3, 1999, pp. 69-71

 

June 11, 2002: New Articles & Subject Index for Articles

Chandler, A.D. Jr., Decision Making and Modern Institutional Change, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 33, Issue 1, The Tasks of Economic History, Mar., 1973, 1-15.

North, D.C., Institutions, The Journal of Economic Perspectives,
Volume 5, Issue 1, Winter, 1991, 97-112.

Plant, A., The Economic Theory Concerning Patents for Inventions, Economica, New Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, Feb., 1934, 30-51.

June 10, 2002: New Article

Plant, A., The Economic Aspects of Copyright in Books, Economica, New Series, Volume 1, Issue 2, May, 1934, 167-195

June 9, 2002: New Article

Besen, S.M., Raskind L.J., An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intellectual Property, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 5, Issue 1, Winter, 1991, 3-27.

June 8, 2002: Addendum to The Competitiveness of Nations: The Past Present Future

in defining Bertrand de Jouvenal's findings about Power, I have added the following paragraphs:

 

2.07 (a)    De Jouvenal exposes the 'equation of power' fuelling the growth of State Power in a popular democracy, or what he calls "the Minotaur".    The Marxian dialect involved a struggle between the Top and the Bottom of society leading to the revolution of the Bottom to the Top.  De Jouvenal, however, argued the struggle involves the Top in alliance with the Bottom squeezing the Middle while penetrating ever deeper into the 'personal' lives of individual citizens.

2.07 (b)    De Jouvenal's power equation can be demonstrated by reference to the historical rise of the labour, civil rights and women's movements.  The dynamic involves can be seen in:

  • labour allying itself with government to regulate the behaviour of employers beginning with abolition of various conspiracies acts against unionization in the 1880s;

  • blacks and other visible minorities allying themselves with government to regulate 'white' behaviour beginning in the mid-1960s;

  • women allying themselves with the State to regulate the behaviour of men in the 1970s; and,

  • police enforcement shifting focus, beginning in the 1980s, from crimes against property to crime against persons, e.g., the increasing concern with wife and child abuse including international efforts to stop 'kiddie porn' on the world-wide web.

 

June 6, 2002: New Article

Davis, W. H., Our National Patent Policy, The American Economic Review, Volume 38, Issue 2, May 1948, 235-244.

 

June 5, 2002: New Articles

Demsetz, H., Towards a Theory of Property Rights, The American Economic Review, Volume 57, Issue 2, May, 1967, 347-359.

Demsetz, H., The Firm in Economic Theory: A Quiet Revolution, The American Economic Review, Volume 87, Issue 2, May, 1997, 426-429.

 

June 4, 2002: New Article

Aichian, A.A., Demsetz, H., The Property Right Paradigm, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 33, Issue 1, The Tasks of Economic History , March 1973, 16-27.

 

May 16: The Great Social Science Schism: Tales from the Methodological Woods

May 13, 2002:  New Article

Jouvenel, B. de, On The Nature of Political Science, American Political Science Review, Volume 55, Issue 4, Dec., 1961, 773-779.

 

May 8, 2002: New Article

Miller, E.F., Positivism, Historicism, and Political Inquiry, American Political Science Review, Volume 66, Issue 3, Sept. 1972, 796-817

 

May  7, 2002  New Article

Robert K. Merton, The Fallacy of the Latest Word: The Case of “Pietism and Science”, American Journal of Sociology, Volume 89, Issue 5, March 1984, 1091-1121.

 

April 30, 2002: The Competitiveness of Nations: The Past Present Future

I am pleased to announce my new paper.

 

April 29, 2002: New Article

Friedberg, A.L., "The Changing Relationship between Economics and National Security", Political Science Quarterly,  Volume 106, Issue 2 (Summer, 1991), 265-276.

April 28, 2002: New Article

Nye, J.S. Jr., "The Changing Nature of World Power", Political Science Quarterly, Volume 105, Issue 2 (Summer, 1990), 177-192.

April 26, 2002: Four New Articles

Emery, F.E., and Trist, E.L., Towards A Social Ecology: Contextual Appreciation of the Future in the Present, Plenum, London, 1972 

Chapter 4

The General Characteristics of Social Fields - Environmental Levels

Chapter 3
The Early Detection of Emergent Processes

Garelli, S., Competitiveness of Nations: The Fundamentals, International Institute for Management Development (IMD), 2002. http://www02.imd.ch/wcy/fundamentals/

Gowen, H.H., “The Indian Machiavelli” or Political Theory in India Two Thousand Years Ago, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 44, Issue 2 (Jun., 1929), 173-192.

 

April 24, 2002: 898 Final Exam Question & Answer

April 23, 2002: New Article

Martin, R. and Sunley, P.,  "Paul Krugman’s Geographical Economics and Its Implications for Regional Development Theory:  A Critical Assessment",  Economic Geography, Volume 72, Issue 3, July 1996, pp. 259-292

April 22, 2002: New Article

Dicken, P., "Global-Local Tensions: Firms and States in the Global Space-Economy", Economic Geography, Vol. 70, Issue 2, Apr. 1994, pp. 101-128.

April 21, 2002: New Article

Storper, M., "The Limitations to Globalization: Technology Districts and International Trade", Economic Geography, Volume 68, Issue 1, Jan. 1992, 60-93.

 

April 19, 2002: Neo Physiocracy IV - Conclusions:

                                    Some Artful Reasoning about Biotechnology

 

April 16, 2002: Standard Dictionary Definitions

   In conducting research, new words are discovered, old words take on new meaning.  As a first step the standard dictionary definition is consulted. Using the 'on-line' Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary  http://www.m-w.com/ I have compiled a working list of definitions that will be updated  irregularly.  Additional glossaries of technical terms will also be posted, e.g. biotechnology , please see:  the Biotech Pharmacological Glossary.

 

April 14, 2002: New Articles

Reich, R.B., "What Is a Nation?" Political Science Quarterly, Volume 106, Issue 2 (Summer, 1991), 193-209.

Friedman, M., Essays in Positive Economics: Part I - The Methodology of Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press (1953), 1970, pp. 3-43.

April 13, 2002: New Articles

Samuels,W.J., "The Physiocratic Theory of Property and State", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(1), Feb. 1961, pp. 96-111.

Samuels,n W.J., "The Physiocratic Theory of Economic Policy", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 76(1), Feb. 1962, pp. 145-162.

 

April 10, 2002 Part III

The Neo Physiocracy
Biology, Economics & Epistemology, or the
“Reasoned Arts” of Biotechnology
III
Performance & Prospectus

April 6, 2002: New Article

Commons, J.R., The Economics of Collective Action: Chapter viii. FUTURITY University of Wisconsin Press © 1950, Madison, 1970, pp. 104-109.

April 4, 2001: KBE Lit Search by Author

April 2, 2002: New Article

excellent summary of C.J. Jung's work excepting ways of knowing - thinking, intuition, emotion and sensation - and introversion/extroversion

Neumann, E., Creative Man: Five Essays: C. G. JUNG: 1955 , Translated from the German by Eugene Rolfe, Bollingen Series LXI-2, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1979.

 

April 1, 2002:  New Article

Reid G. Adler , R.G., "Biotechnology as an Intellectual Property", Science, 224 (4647), Apr. 27, 184, 357-363.

March 26, 2002:  Split Site, New Article & Biotech Futures Lit Search

- due to the growing size of the site I have split it to include a storage site.  Surfers should not notice any difference and can return to the main site by clicking "AAP Homepage"

Malhotra, Y., "Knowledge Assets in the Global Economy: Assessment of National Intellectual Capital", Journal of Global Information Management,
July-Sep, 2000, 8(3), 5-15.

Biotechnology Literature Search as of March 26, 2002

March 25, 2002:  New Article

Pol, E., Carroll, P.,and Robertson, P., A New Taxonomy of Economic Sectors with a view to Policy Implications, University of Wollongong Department of Economics Working Paper Series 2001

March 22, 2002 Revised Site
          
  In order to facilitate navigation in the increasingly complex site the Homepage and links have been revised.  Please report any problems.

March 18, 2002 Literature Search Report

March 15, 2002 Neo-Physiocrats Part II - Industrial Dynamics

I am pleased to announce the posting of the second part of the Neo-Physiocrats series.

March 10, 2002: Knowledge-Based Economy Literature Search
            
  I am pleased to announce completion of my initial literature search concerning the 'state of the art' regarding the knowledge-based economy.  Eleven major journals were reviewed using the e-journal subscription of USASK, particularly JSTOR.   For nearly half of the journals the search covered 1886 to 1998, and 1,070 articles were identified.  An analytic report is being prepared and will be posted when completed sometime next week.

 

March 2, 2002: New Article

Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gamardella, "Complimentarity and External Linkages: The Strategies of the Large Firms in Biotechnology", The Journal of Industrial Economics, Volume 38, No. 4, June 1990, pp. 361-379 (extract)

February 22, 2002 New Article

Thompson, H.F., "Adam Smith's Philosophy of Science", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 79(2), pp. 212-233.

 

February 13, 2002 New Article

D.G. Champernowne: Book Review

Epistemics and Economics. A Critique of Economic Doctrines by G. L. S. Shackle, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1973. pp. 482, Economic Journal, Sept. 1973, 83 (331), 908-910

 

February 11, 2002: 1st Paper & New Article

- I am pleased to announce the first in a three part series: The Neo-Physiocrats is now posted on this site  This paper is in partial fulfillment of ID 898.6.
- I am pleased to announce a new and important article:

Parker, R., "Can Economists Save Economics? ", The American Prospect, Volume 4, Issue 13, March 21, 1993.

 

January 30, 2002: New Article

Peter Phillips & George Khachatourians, DRAFT EDITION: The Biotechnology Revolution in Global Agriculture: Invention, Innovation and Investment in the Canola Sector. CABI Publishing, 2001.
Chapter 2: Approaches and measurement of innovation

Chapter 5: The evolving industry

 

January 24, 2001:

- Due to the impending demise of Excite/@Home I have transferred the site to this address.  The current site will stay up WITHOUT changes until Shaw Cable pulls the plug.  Accordingly, please change your 'Bookmark' or 'Favorites' if you want the updates and additional material.  Further, when you access this new address please advise me of any 'broken links' etc at h-chartrand@shaw.ca.  The dot.com bubble has burst and this is part of the results. 

02/01/23-24: New Article

Hayek, F.A., "The Pretence of Knowledge", American Economic Review, Vol. 79, No. 6, Dec. 1989, pp. 3-7.

Hayek, F.A., "The Use of Knowledge in Society", American Economic Review, Vol. 35, No. 4, Sept, 1945, pp. 519-530.

 

02/01/22: New Article

North, Douglass C., "Economic Performance Through Time", American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 3, June 1994, pp. 359-368.

02/01/18: New Article

Boulding, Kenneth, E., "Economics as a Moral Sciences", American Economic Review, Vol, 59, No. 1, March 1969, pp. 1-12.

 

02/01/12: New Article

Schumpeter, J.A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3rd Ed., - Chapter VIII - Monopolistic Practices, 1950, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1962.

 

02/01/11: New Article

Schumpeter, J.A., Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3rd Ed., - Chapter VII - The Process of Creative Destruction, 1950, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1962.

 

02/01/03: New Article

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Knowledge-Based Economy, Paris, 1996.

 

01/12/26: Facet 4 Added

Facet 4: A Complex Psychology View of

                      the Human Psyche

 

01/12/21: New Article

Shackle, G.L.S., The Years of High Theory: Invention and Tradition in Economic Thought 1926-1939, Cambridge at the University Press, 1967: Chapter 11 - To the 'QJE' from Chapter 12 of the "General Theory': Keynes's Ultimate Meaning.

01/12/20: New Article

Keynes, J.M.,  The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money: Chapter 12 The State of Long-Term Expectations, Macmillan, London, 1967, © 1936: pp. 147-164.

01/12/09: New Article

Walter J Freeman, "Emotion is Essential to All Intentional Behaviors", Chapter 8 in: Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization Dynamic Systems Approaches to Emotional Development Marc D. Lewis & Isabel Granic (Eds). Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000. pp. 209-235. 1 September 1998

01/12/09: New Article

Commons, "Institutional Economics", American Economic Review, vol. 21 (1931), pp.648-657.

 

01/12/03: New Article

Hillman, James, Egalitarian Typologies versus the Perception of the Unique, Spring Publications, Inc., Dallas, 1980.

 

01/11/29: New Article

Havel, Václav, President of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Address to the World Economic Forum, Tuesday 4 February 1992, Davos, Switzerland

 

01/11/27: New Extract

Piaget, J,, Main Trends in Inter-Disciplinary Research, Harper Torch Book, New York, 1973.

01/11/25: New Article

Marshall McLuhan and R. K. Logan, "Alphabet, Mother of Invention" , Et Cetera, December 1977, pp. 373-383

01/11/25: New Article

Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return or, Cosmos and History - Chapter Four: The Terror of History, Bollingen Series XLVI, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1954, 2nd paperback printing 1974, pp. 139-162.

 

01/11/17: New Article

Hughes, Robert, "Art & Money", Part 1 & Part II, New Art Examiner, October 1984, pp. 23-27, November 1984, pp. 33-38.

 

01/11/17: New Articles

Huntington, Samuel, P., "Clash of Civilizations?", Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp. 22-49.

Kaplan, Robert, D., "The Coming Anarchy", Atlantic Monthly, February, 1994, Vol. 273, No. 2; pp. 44-76.

 

01/11/16: New Article

Macoby, Hyam, "The Greatness of Gershom Scholem", Commentary, Vol. 76, No. 3, September 1983.

01/11/15: New Article

Himmelfarb, Gertrude, "In Defense of the Two Cultures", The American Scholar, Autumn 1981, pp. 451-463.

 

01/11/14: New Facet of Analytic Matrix

 Facet 2: Transdisciplinary Induction

 

01/11/12: New Articles

The Economist, "Green and pleasant land", The Economist, April 25, 1981, p. 111.

Book Review:

English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850 - 1980

By Martin J. Wiener. CUP. 217 pages. £9.95. Available from CUP, New York.

The Economist, "Crimes of reason", The Economist, March 16, 1996, pp. 85-87.

 

01/11/12: New Article

Jung, C.G., “The Undiscovered Self” (1956), in Civilization in Transition, 2nd Edition, Bollingen Series XX, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1970.

 

01/11/11: New Article

Koisumi, Tetsunori, "The Ways and Means of the Gods: An Analysis of Japanese Religion", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, December 1979, pp. 75-88.

 

01/11/09: New Article

Koisumi, Tetsunori, "The Oriental Ideal in Art and the Art of Economic Man in the Orient", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol. 4. No. 1, June 1980, pp. 55-71.

 

01/11/08: New Article

Gustav Jung, C.G., “The Role of the Unconscious” (1918), in Civilization in Transition, 2nd Edition, Bollingen Series XX, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1970.

 

01/11/05: New Extract

Goethe's Theory of  Colours - 1970 Introduction and 1810 Introduction, John Murray, London, 1840; M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1970.

01/11/05: New Extract

de Jouvenel, On Power: Its Nature and the History of Its Growth - Preface & The Minotaur Presented, Viking Press, NYC, 1949.

01/11/02: New Article

Koisumi, Tetsunori, "Traditional Japanese Religion and the Notion of Economic Man", Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol. 1, No. 2, December 1977, pp. 35-46.

 

01/10/31: New  Extract
-
Mann, Thomas, Joseph the Provider - Prelude in the Upper Circles,  Alfred A. Knopf, NYC, 1944.

01/10/30 : New Extract

- Mann, Thomas, Joseph and His Brothers - Prelude, Alfred A. Knopf, NYC, 1934.

01/10/25: New Précis
Hughes, Robert, Shock of the New:
Chapter 4: Trouble in Utopia Alfred A. Knopf, NYC, 1981.
- Wright, F.L., The Living City, Horizon Press, NYC, 1958.

 

01/03/23: Additional Article

- 3 chapters from Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind,  University of Toronto, 1978

01/10/23: Progress Report #1
- I have issued my first progress report

01/10/20: Addition to Annotations, Précis & Articles section
- Article: Neumann, Erich, The Origins and History of Consciousness, Bollingen Series XLII, Princeton University Press, Copyright 1954

 

01/10/19: Restructured and Added
- additional précis have been added to a restructured Annotations, Précis & Articles section

 

01/10/17: Addition to "Annotations & Articles"

Annotation

3. Economic Council of Canada,  A Lot to Learn: Education and Training in Canada, Ottawa, 1992.  

 

01/10/07: Addition to "Annotations & Articles"

Articles

4.  Walter Lippman, Public Opinion, MacMillan, NYC, 1960 (© 1922)  Chapter : Introduction - The World Outside and The Pictures in Our Heads

Lippman's concept of the 'pseudo-environment' and the limits to knowledge will play a significant role in the thesis.

 

01/10/05: Annotations added
- I am pleased to announce the addition of a new section to the website: Annotations

- my own annotations of significant works as well as full book reviews and articles of importance to my thesis will be included herein.
- the first entries are:

Annotations

1. James Hillman, The Thoughts of the Heart

Eranos Lectures 2, Spring Publications Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA, 1981

2.  Sloan, D., “John Dewey’s Project for ‘Saving the Appearances’: Exploring Some of Its Implications for Education and Ethics”  ReVisions, Summer 1991, Vol.14, No.1, pp. 23-41.

 

Articles

1.A New Vision of  Liberty

By Alan Ryan, The New York Review of Books

July 5, 2001, pp. 42-45

Economic Sentiments:

Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment

 By Emma Rothschild., Harvard University Press, 2001, 353 pp., $45.00

2. The World Competitiveness Report 1992 - Preface, World Economic Forum & Institute for Management Development, Lausanne, 1992, pp. 4-7.

3. John R. Commons, The Legal Foundations of Capitalism - Chapter VII: The Price Bargain, MacMillan, NYC, 1939 [ © 1924]

 

01/09/25: Publication of third book
- The Compleat Multilateral Trademarks and Industrial Design Agreements, Conventions & Treaties 2001 (Compiler Press, September 2001 ISBN 0-9689523-3-X )
- awaiting decision of CGSR PhD Cttee.
- adjusted Codicil A
- additions to Bibliography:
     Polak, Frederik L. Prognostics A Science in the Making Surveys and Creates the Future, Elsevier, London, 1971.
     - Lippmann, Walter, Public Opinion (1922), Macmillan Paperbacks, NYC, 1960.

 

01/08/07: Codicil A
- this website is intended to report 'work in progress'.  Accordingly, the institutional mechanics of getting started is relevant.  Codicil A is intended as:

a) a response to questions raised and comments made during the meeting of the Interdisciplinary Committee of the College of Graduate Studies & Research (CGSR) of USASK tasked with initial review of the proposal and determination if it qualifies under the terms and conditions of the Interdisciplinary Program of the CGSR; and,

b) a modification of that proposal in anticipation of its review by the PhD Committee of the CGSR and determination if the proposal qualifies under the terms and conditions of the PhD Program of the CGSR.

 

01/08/03: Additions to Bibliography

 

01/05/26: Submission
- the proposal was formally submitted some 2 weeks ago.  It goes first to the Interdisciplinary Studies Committee of the College of Graduate Studies & Research.  Assuming approval I believe it goes to the College
-  

01/04/26: Interdisciplinary Rationale & Epistemic Genetics
- the abstract has been extended to include an interdisciplinary rationale and a graphic of epistemic genetics .

 

01/04/21: Addition of Work in Progress
- I am please to announce the beginning of the work.  Reporting of progress is explained with a Forward and the first draft of the first facet of the analytic matrix  is presented.

 

01/04/10: The submission has been revised and the site modified to permit future inclusion of work in progress.